Folio 17 verso of Leonardo da Vinci's Codex on the Flight of Birds (c. 1505, Biblioteca Reale, Turin): mirror-written notes, two birds, a rigged wing — one page of the most famous notebook ever kept, in which anatomy, hydraulics, optics, a shopping list and a flying machine share the same paper. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
A commonplace book — science and technology, the world, arts and culture, and whatever else didn't fit