An ancient power on the far side of the Tigris from Babylon (roughly southwestern Iran today), old enough that Genesis 10:22 already lists Elam among Shem's sons and Genesis 14:1 has an Elamite king, Chedorlaomer, leading the coalition Abraham defeats. Its capital, Susa, later becomes the Persian court of Esther and Daniel. Jeremiah 25:25 hands Elam a cup of wrath alongside Media in the same breath — two powers still centuries away from becoming, together, the empire that will end Babylon's own captivity of Judah. Jeremiah 49:34-39 later devotes a whole oracle to Elam by itself, not yet on these pages.