THROUGH ERROR, unintentionally — the word that bounds the whole sin-offering system (Leviticus 4:2, 22, 27): every case this chapter legislates is a genuine mistake, not defiance. A different, harsher category exists for sinning 'with a high hand' — deliberately, in open rebellion — which this system does not cover at all: 'that person shall be utterly cut off' (Numbers 15:30-31, now on these pages), no offering, no atonement offered. The whole architecture of Leviticus 4 rests on this one distinction: error can be brought to the altar; defiance cannot. → first discussed at Lev 4:2