WRATH — settled anger, not a flare of temper (that is thymos); the root of English 'orgy' only by a long and unrelated road. Romans 1:18 pairs it deliberately with 1:17: God's righteousness 'is revealed', and God's wrath 'is revealed' — the same verb, present tense, both happening now. ⚠ And the chapter defines the wrath by what follows: three times 'God gave them over'. The judgment described is not a thunderbolt but a letting-go — being handed the thing you wanted more than God. → first discussed at Rom 1:18