HEAVY, weighty — and of a heart, dull and unresponsive. It is one of THREE verbs Exodus uses for Pharaoh's refusal: KAVED ('made heavy,' 8:11, 28; 9:34), CHAZAQ ('made strong, firm,' 7:13; 8:15), and QASHAH ('made stubborn,' 7:3). ⚠️ Most English versions flatten all three into 'hardened,' which hides that Exodus is describing the same refusal from different angles — a heart weighed down like a stone, braced like a wall, stiffened like a neck — and that the same book says both that PHARAOH did it and that GOD did it, without ever reconciling them. The root also gives kavod, 'glory' — literally 'weight.' → first discussed at Exod 8:11