Two distinct legal statuses the shelf often merges (KJV 'a stranger and a sojourner,' Genesis 23:4; NWT keeps them, 'an alien resident and a settler'). A GER is a resident foreigner — living among a people, protected by law, but WITHOUT citizenship or the right to own land (Torah's great charge: 'love the ger, for you were gerim in Egypt'). A TOSHAV is a settled outsider, more rooted but still landless. Abraham names himself both — the man promised the whole land cannot legally buy a grave in it. → first discussed at Gen 23:4