Violence, lawless wrong — the earth's indictment before the flood, named twice. ⭐ It is also half of a legal title. Ed chamas, a WITNESS OF VIOLENCE, stands in two verses of the Hebrew Bible — Exodus 23:1, closing the command not to spread a false report, and Deuteronomy 19:16. The phrase says that perjury is not a lie ABOUT violence but an instance OF it. ⚠ It cannot be printed literally in English: 'a witness of violence' will be read as somebody who SAW violence, which is the opposite, so both chapters print 'a malicious witness' and keep the Hebrew in the note — a case where the literal rendering is the inaccurate one. → first discussed at Gen 6:11